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We suspect both the Canadian government and crypto exchanges will need time to evaluate how the most recent changes have affected the crypto landscape before considering additional legislation. Cryptocurrency exchanges: Legal, registration with the Monetary Authority of Singapore required. In Singapore, cryptocurrency exchanges and trading are legal, and the city-state has taken a friendlier position on the issue than some of its regional neighbors.
Although it has taken an even-handed approach, in MAS issued warnings to the public of the risks of investing in cryptocurrency products. In , MAS reinforced that warning , issuing guidelines to crypto service providers that effectively prohibited the advertisement of their services to the public. MAS has generally taken an accommodating approach to cryptocurrency exchange regulation, applying existing legal frameworks where possible.
In January , MAS issued a press release warning the public of the risks of speculating with cryptocurrency while Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam stated that cryptocurrencies are subject to the same AML and CFT measures as traditional, fiat currencies. However, MAS is likely to follow up with additional regulations in an effort to further align its position.
Cryptocurrencies and exchanges are legal in Australia, and the country has been progressive in its implementation of cryptocurrency regulations. Unregistered exchanges are subject to criminal charges and financial penalties. Similarly, in August , Australian regulators forced many exchanges to delist privacy coins, a specific type of anonymous cryptocurrency.
In particular, the Australian government is moving to increase its regulation of cryptocurrency exchanges. In December , Australia announced plans to introduce a new licensing framework specifically for cryptocurrency exchanges — with a consultation period scheduled for The proposed framework would enable consumers to safely purchase and sell crypto assets in a regulated environment, and represents a move to position Australia at the forefront of the global effort to keep tech companies in check.
Under the new rules, cryptocurrency custody service providers that do not sell or purchase crypto assets are brought under the scope of the PSA while cryptocurrency derivatives businesses are brought under the scope of the FIEA. Cryptocurrency exchange regulations in Japan are similarly progressive. A subsequent amendment in mid extended the registration requirement to include custodian services providers. Both regulators work to provide advice to as-yet unlicensed exchanges and promote compliance.
In December , the FSA indicated that it would propose legislation in to regulate issuers of stablecoins in order to address risks to customers and limit opportunities to use stablecoin tokens for money laundering. The legislation will likely include new security protocols and new obligations for crypto service providers to report suspicious activity.
In South Korea, cryptocurrencies are not considered legal tender and exchanges, while legal, are part of a closely-monitored regulatory system. Cryptocurrency taxation in South Korea is a gray area: since they are considered neither currency nor financial asset, cryptocurrency transactions are currently tax-free. However, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance has indicated that it is considering imposing a tax on income from crypto transactions and is planning to announce a taxation framework in Although a rumored ban never materialized, in the South Korean government prohibited the use of anonymous accounts in cryptocurrency trading and banned local financial institutes from hosting trades of Bitcoin futures.
Similarly, the Financial Services Commission FSC imposes strict reporting obligations on banks with accounts held by crypto exchanges. In March , the South Korean government introduced legislation which requires cryptocurrency investors to use the same name on their virtual wallet accounts as they do on their bank accounts — and which requires cryptocurrency exchanges to share information with banks to verify customer identities.
The FIU also delisted all privacy coins from South Korean exchanges in effectively banning trade of the tokens. Explore our solutions for crypto businesses. Unsurprisingly, China does not consider cryptocurrencies to be legal tender and the country has a global reputation for harsh cryptocurrency regulation. In June , China banned all domestic cryptocurrency mining , and followed-up by outlawing cryptocurrencies outright in September The new regulation effectively banned the use of all cryptocurrency exchanges foreign and domestic and prompted a major token sell-off.
The e-CNY token has been developed to replace cash and coins and will be accepted as payment for goods, bills, transport fares, and tolls. Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in India and the status of exchanges remains murky, as new regulations are being considered. Although there is currently a lack of clarity over the tax status of cryptocurrencies, finance minister Bhagwat Karad indicated in February that cryptocurrency transactions could face a 30 percent tax.
Cryptocurrency exchange regulations in India have grown increasingly strict. In , a leaked, alleged draft bill suggested that a blanket ban of cryptocurrencies was in the works — but made an exception for a proposed official digital currency. While the Indian government has made its opposition to private cryptocurrencies clear, in November , the Standing Committee on Finance met with representatives of crypto exchanges and concluded that cryptocurrencies should be regulated rather than banned.
Although the UK has no specific cryptocurrency laws, cryptocurrencies are not considered legal tender and exchanges have registration requirements. Gains or losses on cryptocurrencies are, however, subject to capital gains tax. Amendments to those regulations came into force in January and incorporate the latest FATF guidelines. In Switzerland, cryptocurrencies and exchanges are legal and the country has adopted a remarkably progressive stance towards cryptocurrency regulations. Cryptocurrency regulations in Switzerland are also in place for ICOs, and FINMA applies existing financial legislation to offerings in a range of fields — from banking, to securities trading and collective investment schemes depending on the structure.
The DLT Act included a new type of license category for cryptocurrency trading venues. In , the Swiss Federal Council voted in favor of a proposal to further adapt existing financial regulations to cryptocurrencies in order to address their illegal use.
Cryptocurrencies are broadly considered legal across the European Union, but cryptocurrency exchange regulations are different in individual member states. In , the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that exchanges of traditional currency for cryptocurrency should be exempt from VAT. In December , 6AMLD came into effect: the directive made cryptocurrency compliance more stringent by adding cybercrime to the list of money laundering predicate offenses.
Cryptocurrency exchanges are not currently regulated at a regional level. Authorizations and licenses granted by these regulators can then passport exchanges, allowing them to operate under a single regime across the entire bloc.
Under the directive, liability for money laundering offenses is extended to legal persons as well as individuals, meaning that the leadership employees of cryptocurrency wallet providers and cryptocurrency exchanges must exercise much greater oversight of their internal AML controls. The EU is actively exploring further cryptocurrency regulations. An EU draft document expressed concerns about the risks associated with private digital currencies and confirmed that the European Central Bank was considering the possibility of issuing its own digital currency.
The proposal set out draft regulatory measures for cryptocurrencies including the introduction of a new licensing system for crypto-asset issuers, industry conduct rules, and new consumer protections. In July , the European Commission published a set of legislative proposals with consequences for virtual asset service providers VASP across the bloc. The proposals will see transfer of fund regulations TFR extended to all VASPs in the EU, and will mandate the collection of information about senders and recipients of cryptocurrency transfers.
Malta has taken a very progressive approach to cryptocurrencies, positioning itself as a global leader in crypto regulation. The legislation comprised several bills, including the Virtual Financial Assets Act VFA which set a global precedent by establishing a regulatory regime applicable to crypto exchanges, ICOs, brokers, wallet providers, advisers, and asset managers.
The VFA regulations effective November were accompanied by the Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act which established the regime for the future registration, and accountability, of crypto service providers. The Malta Digital Innovation Authority was also established: the MDIA is the government authority responsible for creating crypto policy, collaborating with other nations and organizations, and enforcing ethical standards for the use of crypto and blockchain technology.
The Maltese government has also indicated that it will turn its focus to the integration of AI with cryptocurrency regulation and may implement specific guidelines for security token offerings. With those strategies in mind, additional Maltese regulations are likely in the near future. Cryptocurrency regulations in Estonia are open and innovative , especially in comparison to other EU member-states.
Accordingly, it classifies them as digital assets for tax purposes but does not subject them to VAT. In , the Anti Money Laundering and Terrorism Finance Act introduced robust new regulations for crypto businesses operating in Estonia. Cryptocurrency exchanges are legal in Estonia and operate under a well-defined regulatory framework that includes strict reporting and KYC rules.
In , the Estonian government passed legislation tightening licensing requirements and went further in , asserting that virtual currency service providers would be treated the same manner as financial institutions under the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Prevention Act.
In late , the Estonian government revoked over 1, operating licenses after legislative amendments rendered many cryptocurrency service providers non-compliant with regulations. The draft bill created fears that Estonia was banning private ownership of cryptocurrencies, and prompted the government to issue a press release in January clarifying that the law would only apply to private wallets issued by VASPs.
Gibraltar is a global leader in cryptocurrency regulation. Cryptocurrency is not considered legal tender in the country but cryptocurrency exchanges are legal and operate within a well-defined regulatory framework.
Gibraltar has a reputation as a low taxation environment : it does not impose capital gains or dividend tax on cryptocurrencies, and crypto exchanges are subject to a business-friendly In September , Gibraltar updated its DLT framework regulations to better align with FATF recommendations, taking into account the higher risk factors associated with some virtual asset instruments. In , Gibraltar convened a Market Integrity working group to further define appropriate market standards for cryptocurrency exchanges in coordination with standards set by other jurisdictions such as the UK and the EU.
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